Seat Belts: Get the Facts

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How big is the problem of crash-related injuries and deaths to drivers and passengers?

photo: girl putting on a seatbelt

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death among those aged 1-54 in the U.S.1 Most crash-related deaths in the United States occur to drivers and passengers.2

For adults and older children (who are big enough for seat belts to fit properly), seat belt use is one of the most effective ways to save lives and reduce injuries in crashes.3 Yet millions do not buckle up on every trip.4

Deaths

  • A total of 22,697 drivers and passengers in passenger vehicles died in motor vehicle crashes in 2018.2
  • More than half (range: 51%-60%) of teens (13-19 years) and adults aged 20-44 years who died in crashes in 2018 were not buckled up at the time of the crash.2

Injuries

  • More than 2.2 million drivers and passengers were treated in emergency department as the result of being injured in motor vehicle crashes in 2018.1
  • Young adult drivers and passengers (18-24) have the highest crash-related non-fatal injury rates of all adults.1,5

Costs

  • Non-fatal crash injuries to drivers and passengers resulted in almost $62 billion in lifetime medical and work loss costs in 2017.6

Who is least likely to wear a seat belt?

Age

  • Young adults (age 18-24) are less likely to wear seat belts than those in older age groups.7

Gender

  • Men are less likely to wear seat belts than women.7

Metropolitan Status

  • Adults who live in non-metropolitan areas are less likely to wear seat belts than adults who live in metropolitan areas.8

State Laws

  • Seat belt use is lower in states with secondary enforcement seat belt laws or no seat belt laws (86% in 2019) compared to states with primary enforcement laws (92% in 2019).9

Seating Position in Vehicle

What is the impact of seat belt use?

  • Seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half.12
  • Seat belts saved almost 15,000 lives in 2017.3
  • Air bags provide added protection but are not a substitute for seat belts. Air bags plus seat belts provide the greatest protection for adults.13
Policeman writing a traffic ticket

Primary enforcement laws make a difference

Research shows, primary enforcement seat belt laws make a big difference in getting more people to buckle up.14 Observed seat belt use in 2019 was 92% in states with primary enforcement laws but only 86% in states with secondary enforcement laws or no seat belt laws.9

A primary enforcement seat belt law means a police officer can pull a vehicle over and issue a ticket just because a driver or passenger covered by the law is not wearing a seat belt. A secondary enforcement law only allows a police officer to issue a ticket for someone not wearing a seat belt if the driver has been pulled over for some other offense. State primary and secondary seat belt laws vary by whether driver and front seat passengers are required to be buckled or whether drivers and all passengers (i.e., front and rear seats) are required to be buckled. These requirements may also vary depending on the age of the passenger. For information on laws in each state, check with the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety at http://www.iihs.orgexternal icon. As of September 2020, 31 states did not have a primary enforcement law covering all seating positions.15

What can be done to increase seat belt use among adults?

When it comes to increasing seat belt use, individuals, government, and health professionals can help promote safety.

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States can:

  • Consider proven strategies for increasing seat belt use and reducing child motor vehicle injuries and deaths, which include:14,16
    • Primary enforcement seat belt laws, which have been shown to increase use and reduce deaths compared with secondary enforcement laws.
    • Seat belt laws that apply to everyone in the car, not just those in the front seat.
    • Fines for not wearing a seat belt that are high enough to be effective.
  • Make sure that police and state troopers enforce all seat belt laws.
  • Support seat belt laws with visible police presence and awareness campaigns for the public.
  • Educate the public to make seat belt use a social norm.
health care professionals icon

Health professionals can:

  • Remind patients about the importance of seat belt use.
  • Encourage patients to make wearing a seat belt a habit.
  • Wear seat belts themselves and encourage their colleagues to do the same.
parents icon

Parents and caregivers can:

  • Use a seat belt on every trip, no matter how short. This sets a good example.
  • Make sure children are properly buckled up in a car seat, booster seat, or seat belt, whichever is appropriate for their age, height, and weight.
  • Have all children age 12 and under sit properly buckled in the back seat.
  • Remember to never place a rear-facing child safety seat in front of an air bag.
  • Properly buckle children in the middle back seat when possible because it is the safest spot in the vehicle.
everyone icon

Everyone can:

  • Use a seat belt on every trip, no matter how short.
  • Require everyone in the car to buckle up, including those in the back seat.

Related Pages

Additional Resources

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System) [online]. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html. Accessed 2 Sep 2020.
  2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts: 2018 Data: Occupant Protection in Passenger Vehicles. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC; 2020. Publication no. DOT-HS-812-967. Available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812967external icon Accessed 2 Sept 2020.
  3. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Lives saved in 2017 by restraint use and minimum-drinking-age laws. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC; 2019. Publication no. DOT-HS-812-683. Available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812683external icon. Accessed 3 Sep 2020.
  4. Shults RA, Beck LF. Self-reported seat belt use, United States, 2002-2010: Does prevalence vary by state and type of seat belt law? Journal of Safety Research, 2012;43:417-20.
  5. Beck LF, West BA. Vital Signs: nonfatal motor vehicle-occupant injuries (2009) and seat belt use (2008) among adults—United States. MMWR 2011;59(51):1681-6.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System). Cost of Injury Reports. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. Available at https://wisqars.cdc.gov:8443/costT/. Accessed 2 Sep 2020.
  7. Beck LF, Downs J, Stevens MR, Sauber-Schatz EK. Rural and urban differences in passenger-vehicle–occupant deaths and seat belt use among adults — United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2017;66(No. SS-17):1–13. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6617a1external icon.
  8. Strine TW, Beck LF, Bolen J, et al. Geographic and sociodemographic variation in self-reported seat belt use in the United States. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 2010; 42:1066-71.
  9. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts: Seat Belt Use in 2019—Overall Results. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC; 2019. Publication no. DOT-HS-812-875. Available athttps://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812875external icon Accessed 9 Sep 2020.
  10. Bhat G, Beck L, Bergen G, Kresnow M. Predictors of rear seat belt use among US adults, 2012. Journal of Safety Research, 2015;53:103-106.
  11. Bose D, Arregui-Dalmases C, Sanchez-Molina D, et al. Increased risk of driver fatality due to unrestrained rear-seat passengers in severe frontal crashes. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 2013;53:100-4.
  12. Kahane CJ. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality reduction by safety belts for front-seat occupants of cars and light trucks: updated and expanded estimates based on 1986-99 FARS data. U.S. Department of Transportation; Washington, DC, 2000. Publication no. DOT-HS-809-199. Available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809199.PDFexternal icon Accessed 4 June 2018.
  13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fourth report to Congress: effectiveness of occupant protection systems and their use. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC; 1999. Available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/808919external icon. Accessed 4 June 2018.
  14. Dinh-Zarr TB, Sleet DA, Shults RA, et al. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts. American Journal Preventive Medicine 2001; 21(4S): 48-65.
  15. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Highway Loss Data Institute. State Laws: Safety Belts―Safety Belts and Child Safety Seats. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety/Highway Loss Data Institute; 2018. Available at http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/safetybeltuse?topicName=safety-beltsexternal icon. Accessed 3 Sep 2020.
  16. Goodwin A, Thomas L, Kirley B, et al. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Countermeasures that work: A highway safety countermeasure guide for State highway safety offices, Eighth edition. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC; 2015. Publication no. DOT HS 812 202.
Page last reviewed: October 7, 2020
Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control